基于云空间的近江牡蛎养殖监控系统设计

针对近江牡蛎养殖中自动化程度低、成本高等问题,提出一种基于云空间设计近江牡蛎养殖监控系统。以STM32F103为底层控制核心,通过YS8166B、SIN-D0530和超声波模块实时采集海水的p H、溶氧(DO)、温度和深度,并通过nRF24L01以无线方式发送到上位机。上位机采用C#多线程通信程序与云空间进行交互。系统采用ASP动态技术云空间,通过轻量级数据交换格式JSON与上位机、用户进行快速通信,利用AJAX实现无刷新显示。用户通过智能手机可以随时随地访问云空间,掌握养殖现场的实时信息,并结合云空间嵌入的本地天气信息,对浮排电机、增氧机、投饲机进行远程控制。结果表明:系统具有成本低廉、稳定可靠、响应快速等优点。基于云空间的监控系统为近江牡蛎养殖智能化提供了一种新方法。     

Preliminary recovery of coastal sharks in the south‐east United States

Relative abundance of many shark species in the Atlantic is assessed by compiling data from several independently conducted, but somewhat spatially limited surveys. Although these localized surveys annually sample the same populations, resulting trends in yearly indices often conflict with one another, thereby hindering interpretation of abundance patterns at broad spatial scales. We used delta‐lognormal generalized linear models (GLMs) to generate indices of abundance for seven Atlantic coastal shark species from six fishery‐independent surveys along the US east coast and Gulf of Mexico from 1975 to 2014. These indices were further analysed using dynamic factor analysis (DFA) to produce simplified, broad‐scale common trends in relative abundance over the entire sampled distribution. Effects of drivers including the North Atlantic Oscillation index, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index, annually averaged sea surface temperature and species landings were evaluated within the DFA model. The two decadal oscillations and species landings were shown to affect shark distribution along south‐east US coast. Estimated common trends of relative abundance for all large coastal shark species showed similar decreasing patterns into the early 1990s, periods of sustained low index values thereafter and recent indications of recovery. Small coastal shark species exhibited more regional variability in their estimated common trends, such that two common trends were required to adequately describe patterns in relative abundance throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic. Overall, all species’ (except the Gulf of Mexico blacknose shark) time series concluded with an increasing trend, suggestive of initial recovery from past exploitation.     

Life history demographic parameter synthesis for exploited Florida and Caribbean coral reef fishes

Age‐ or length‐structured stock assessments require reliable life history demographic parameters (growth, mortality, reproduction) to model population dynamics, potential yields and stock sustainability. This study synthesized life history information for 84 commercially exploited tropical reef fish species from Florida and the U.S. Caribbean (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). We attempted to identify a useable set of life history parameters for each species that included lifespan, length at age, weight at length and maturity at length. Key aspects of the life history synthesis were development of: (a) a database that characterized study details including sampling region, biological and statistical methods, length range of sampled individuals, sample size, capture gears and sampling time frame; (b) reproducible procedural criteria for parameter identification for a given species; and (c) a reliability metric for each parameter type. Complete life history parameter sets were available for 46 species analysed. Of these, only 16 species had parameter sets meeting the highest standards for reliability, highlighting future research needs.     

自然资源视角下的林地界定标准探究 ——以上海市某区为例

系统梳理国内外关于林地界定的标准,重点分析我国目前已发布的林地界定标准《林地分类》(LY/T1812-2009)和《土地利用现状分类》(GB/T21010-2017)的差异。以上海市某区为例,具体分析林地界定差异引起的数据统计及相关管理、审批等方面的问题,结合自然资源统一管控趋势,提出增加复合用地分类,统一具体认定口径,建立分类对照表,明确林地界定的状态等林地界定标准修订及相关管理完善建议。     

空气湿度对富士系苹果花过冷却点的影响

【目的】明确不同湿度条件下富士系苹果花过冷却点的分布频率,为苹果霜冻监测和预测提供参考。【方法】以中国种植最广泛的富士系苹果为研究对象,使用人工霜冻试验箱控制温湿度,模拟霜冻降温过程,设置高、中、低3个湿度范围,对富士系苹果花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点进行监测,研究环境相对湿度对富士系苹果花器官过冷却点的影响。【结果】富士系苹果花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点在-6.4^-1.9 ℃,50%的过冷却点集中在-4.4^-3.5 ℃,80%的过冷却点集中在-4.4^-2.5 ℃,平均过冷却点为-3.7 ℃。苹果花蕾和花朵子房的累积冻害率达到30%(轻度)的温度为-3.2 ℃,累积冻害率达到50%(中度)的温度为-3.6 ℃,累积冻害率达到80%(重度)的温度为-4.2 ℃。花蕾过冷却点的变异大于花朵子房过冷却点,不同湿度处理下花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点差异显著。中湿(相对湿度50%~70%)条件下,过冷却点最高,抗寒性最差,而低湿(相对湿度50%以下)和高湿(相对湿度大于70%)处理均可降低植株的过冷却点。【结论】-4.4^-2.5 ℃是富士系苹果花组织开始出现损伤的主要温度范围。干燥和高湿的环境均可降低富士系苹果花蕾和花朵的过冷却点,尤其是干燥的环境可降低苹果花蕾的过冷却点0.6 ℃,可降低苹果花朵子房的过冷却点0.4 ℃,提高苹果花蕾及花朵子房抗寒性。     

Ecological risk assessment of species impacted by fisheries in waters off eastern Taiwan

An ecological risk assessment was undertaken using productivity‐susceptibility analysis (PSA) to determine the relative vulnerability of 52 species caught by fisheries in the waters off eastern Taiwan. Overall, eight and 20 species were classified as having high and moderate vulnerability, respectively, and the remaining 24 species were classified as having low vulnerability. The species with the highest vulnerability scores were caught mainly by longline and gillnet fisheries, highlighting the need for improved data collection to facilitate a more detailed investigation using more quantitative methods. The data quality analysis indicated that the quality of data was classified as “moderate” for economically important species. However, many species were considered data‐limited and thus collecting high‐resolution catch and effort information and conducting biological studies, especially relating to age, growth and reproduction, are recommended to improve the reliability of outputs from data‐limited assessments such as PSA.     

Quantifying uncertainty in the wild‐caught fisheries goal of the Ocean Health Index

Sustainability indices are proliferating, both to help synthesize scientific understanding and inform policy. However, it remains poorly understood how such indices are affected by underlying assumptions of the data and modelling approaches used to compute indicator values. Here, we focus on one such indicator, the fisheries goal within the Ocean Health Index (OHI), which evaluates the sustainable provision of food from wild fisheries. We quantify uncertainty in the fisheries goal status arising from the (a) approach for estimating missing data (i.e., fish stocks with no status) and (b) reliance on a data‐limited method (catch‐MSY) to estimate stock status (i.e., B/B_MSY). We also compare several other models to estimate B/B_MSY, including an ensemble approach, to determine whether alternative models might reduce uncertainty and bias. We find that the current OHI fisheries goal model results in overly optimistic fisheries goal statuses. Uncertainty and bias can be reduced by (a) using a mean (vs. median) gap‐filling approach to estimate missing stock scores and (b) estimating fisheries status using the central tendency from a simulated distribution of status scores generated by a bootstrap approach that incorporates error in B/B_MSY. This multitiered approach to measure and describe uncertainty improves the transparency and interpretation of the indicator and allows us to better understand uncertainty around our OHI fisheries model and outputs for country‐level interpretation and use.     

两型社会建设背景下生态效率评价研究——以湖南省为例

基于"两型"社会建设的目标与内涵,选取了湖南省生态效率综合评价指标,以2003—2012年湖南省数据为样本,采用DEA数据包络分析法计算各年份的生态效率,并对不同年份的能源消耗量、水资源消费量以及三废的排放量进行深入分析。结果表明,随着湖南省GDP的增长,生态效率也不断在提高。针对不同的资源产出率和环境产出率,湖南省应树立可持续发展理念,实现经济由粗放型发展向集约型发展转变;发展创新技术,推进湖南省两型社会的发展;完善法律法规体系,加大宣传力度,改变保守观念,提高人们的环保意识。     

中国对美直接投资的产业选择研究

对于投资国来说，对外直接投资的产业选择对投资收益和潜在收益有较大影响。为了研究中国对美直接投资的产业选择对中国产业的影响，本文基于比较优势，构建发展中国家OFDI决策模型，通过构造评价指标以及构建回归模型，并利用2005-2014年中国对外直接投资数据、出口数据、行业相关数据对中国对美直接投资的效应进行了实证分析。结果表明，作为中国对美直接投资的两个重点产业，第二、第三产业可以为提高本国对应产业的比较优势提供支撑；中国对美直接投资、美国自身的产业比较优势、其他国家对中国直接投资、中国国内的固定资产投资、中国各行业从业人员数均有助于提高中国产业比较优势；由于中国内部约束和外部约束的原因，中国对美直接投资对提升中国产业比较优势的作用还不明显。     

查全率和查准率的农业数据库

数据库要做到对分类数据的查全率、查准率,除了SQL数据的查询外,必须对数据库数据进行分类数据分类。数据库数据按照一定的分类法则进行分类是达到数据库按分类查全率,查准率的要求。数据库数据的SQL数据查询,可以按照SQL法则查询数据库的数据。但是要做到对数据库数据的查全率和查准率,必须对数据库的数据按照一定的分类法则进行分类。